In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was annexed by Russia as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, during which Finnish art flourished and the idea of independence began to take hold. From the late 13th century, Finland gradually became an integral part of Sweden as a consequence of the Northern Crusades. The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterized by extensive contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region. The Stone Age introduced several different ceramic styles and cultures. įinland was inhabited around 9000 BC after the Last Glacial Period. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. Finland is officially bilingual, with Finnish and Swedish being official. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city, but together with the neighbouring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen, and Vantaa, it forms a larger metropolitan area. Finland covers an area of 338,455 square kilometres (130,678 sq mi), with a population of 5.5 million. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.įinland ( Finnish: Suomi ( listen) Swedish: Finland ( listen)), officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish: Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Republiken Finland ( listen to all)), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.
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